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TAR219 - Haçlı Seferleri Tarihi
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Haçlı Seferleri Tarihi TAR219 3 3 + 0 5,0 Pdf
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Öğrencilere Haçlı Seferlerinin ne olduğunu, kimler tarafından hangi sebepler ile nereye yapıldığı anlatmak ve bu konu hakkında kaynak ve araştırma eserlerden yola çıkarak bu seferlerin niteliğini ve sonuçlarının tartışmaktır.

Ders İçeriği

Haçlı Seferleri 1096’nın yaz aylarında Avrupa’dan Ortadoğu’ya doğru yapılan ve 13. yüzyılın sonlarına kadar yapılan dokuz büyük askeri seferlerdir. Bu seferlere katılanlar haç işaretine sahip elbiseler giydiğinden dolayı bu seferlere Haçlı Seferleri denilmiştir. Öğrencilere öncelikle bu derste Haçlı Seferlerinin tanımından sonra bu askeri seferleri kimlerin, neden, nasıl, nerede ve ne zaman yaptığı hakkında bilgilendirmeler yapılır. Daha sonra Haçlı Seferlerinin diğer dünya çapındaki büyük seferlerden nitelik olarak farkları anlatılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Bu askeri seferler uzun sürdüğü için seferlerin sürdüğü yıllarda Ortadoğu ve dünya tarihinin durumları da önemlidir. Bu bakımdan seferlerin oluş sırasında diğer önemli bilgiler de sunulmaktadır. Bu seferler uzun sürdüğü için bu seferlerin kaynakçası, karakterleri ve olayları çok fazladır. Öğrenciler askeri harekatları öğrenirken bu kaynaklara göz atmakta ve coğrafya, din, hukuk, dil bilimi gibi birçok alanda müverrihler ve tarihçiler tanımaktadır. Bu yoğun bilgi öğrencilere aşama aşama olarak dile getirilmekte ve tartışma imkanları sunulmaktadır. Öğrencilere sunum yoluyla Latince, Ermenice, Süryanice, İbranice, Grekçe gibi orijinal dilde yazılmış kaynaklar gösterilmektedir. Anlatılan veriler harita ve videolar ile desteklenmektedir. Ayrıca öğrenciler arasında grupları oluşturularak Haçlı yerli ve yabancı kaynakları okuyanlar arasında tarih gösterileri yapılmaktadır. Sınıf ortamında Haçlıların giydikleri elbiseler, okudukları şarkılar, yedikleri yiyecekler, kullandıkları araç-gereçler, sporları, inançları, posta sistemleri, yazdıkları ve konuştukları diller de ayrıntılı şekilde incelenmektedir. Bu bakımdan öğrencilere tarihi kaynakların ışığı altında sadece siyasi tarih değil kültür tarihi de anlatılmaktadır. Bu bakımdan bu ders öğrencilere askeri tarihi bilgiler sunmakla beraber, geniş bir literatür de ortaya koymaktadır. Haçlı Seferleri bilindiği üzere birçok ülkenin yardımı ve papanın öncülüğüyle başlamış bir seferdir. Bu bakımdan coğrafya ve sefere katılan siyasi oluşumların da incelenmesi öğrencilere fayda sağlayacaktır. Papalığın tanımı ile beraber genel olarak Hıristiyanlık hakkında da bilgilerin sunulması önemlidir. Çünkü bu seferlere katılan Batı dünyası kendi içinde Haçlılar (The Crusades) olarak bilinmekteydi ve seferlerin görünürde sebebi dine bir sebebe bağlanmıştı. Onlar İsa’nın yoksul askerleri olup Kudüs’te sözde eziyet çeken kardeşlerine yardımcı olarak sefere çıkmışlardı. Ayrıca bu seferde milyonlarca insan yerlerinden edildi ve başka yerlere tanışıp krallıklar kurdular. Büyük nüfus hareketleri yaşandı. Bu bakımdan öğrencilere iktisada ve göç durumunda yaşanabileceklere dair bilgiler de verilmektedir. Askeri bir sefer de olsa Haçlı Seferleri büyük bir insan selinin yaşandığı bir hareketti. Milyonlarca insanın veya onlarca siyasi yapılanmanın iktisadi yapısı değişmişti. Haçlı Seferleri 300 yıla yakın bir sürede zamana yayılarak geliştiği için karşılaştıkları devletler ve insanlar sürekli değişiyordu. Bu ders öğrencilere bu devletlerin de kısa tarihi hakkında bilgiler sunmaktadır. Son olarak Haçlı Seferleri hakkında genel bir değerlendirme yapılarak, Haçlı Seferlerinin Akka’nın düşmesi ile durup durmadığı hakkında tartışmalar yapılmaktadır. Bu seferlerin niteliği ve sonuçları etraflıca tartışılmaktadır.

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